Baroque Painting Analysis Free Essays

string(71) an exceptionally imperative piece of the structure and by and large cosmetics of the image. Ornate: Two Pieces, Two Styles: Procaccini versus Le Nain Art has changed tremendously all through its reality in written history. It has advanced from cavern drawings to wonderful scholastically prepared cleaned bits of emphatically refined craftsmanship. The changes which â€Å"contemporary† (for the time) craftsmen made are surprising. We will compose a custom article test on Rococo Painting Analysis or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Their phenomenally prepared imaginative eyes offer path to the sublime brushwork their cerebrums and hands dexterously build. These thoughts are seen obviously in the Museum of Fine Arts’ Koch Gallery. This enormous space houses the absolute most astounding fine art from the absolute most renowned specialists. The space is developed a lot of like in the Academic Salon in that the pieces are orchestrated at various levels directing their significance. The more persuasive and very much made works are hung at eye level, while the pieces that are not as exceptionally respected by the salon are hung either high above view or underneath the better pieces. Two pictures which simply happen to be adjusted and situated at eye level, stand apart among the lovely works encompassing them. The pieces are Giulio Cesare Procaccini’s â€Å"The Scourging of Christ† and Mathieu Le Nain’s â€Å"The Entombment of Christ†. The two works offer a lot to the watcher. In the two canvases the craftsman delineates a specific second in a definitive demise of Jesus Christ. Alone each work can be deciphered and deciphered from various perspectives yet together the two pictures open up a universe of differentiation and perspectives of contrasting styles and impacts. Giulio Cesare Procaccini was conceived in Bologna, Italy and around 10 years after the fact moved to Milan where he prospered as an ornate stone worker and painter Procaccini’s work was additionally impacted by the mannerist style, a style that his dad worked in. Milan and Italy all in all, in the mid seventeenth century was a blasting craftsman Mecca. Craftsmen like Caravaggio, Gentileschi, just as Procaccini were making significant advances in the ornate style. The portrayal of strict and recorded scenes was critical in the early extravagant artistic creations seen at the hour of Procaccini’s proficient vocation. The works, for example, Caravaggio’s â€Å"Entombment† just as â€Å"The Conversion of Saint Paul† shed some light onto the impacts of Procaccini. Quite a bit of Italy at the time had an eye for the showy and emotional. This period saw serious movements, feelings and lighting. Giulio Cesare Procaccini’s â€Å"The Scourging of Christ† can be viewed as the meaning of the loaning of the elaborate style with that of the mannerist. With its huge size the craftsman can completely explain the space and fit in the vital data. The structures in the sythesis are put such that the picture is even on all sides. The work of art is just a little portion of what is really happening in the scene . The edge of the piece fills in as a path for our cerebrum to just observe what is put before us, however we should look further and put ourselves in the real occasion and feel the group around us. The group can’t be seen yet suggested by the profound vignette encompassing the supernaturally lit Jesus. The casing functions as a seclusion for the torment and forlornness that can be found according to Jesus. Procaccini’s choice to focus Jesus in structure says a lot to what he is attempting to inspire from the watcher. Jesus is seen bound to a little column sharing the focal point of the arrangement. With all the movement encompassing him, Jesus appears to be quiet and alone in his agony. The work of art arrangement can be viewed as intricate just as straightforward simultaneously. The mass of development of the characters and strain found in the faintly lit corners would order the work of art as mind boggling. As opposed to that order, Jesus with the utilization of solid light and shade is seen exclusively without anyone else. Jesus is focused before four different figures that are totally orchestrated such that the picture has equivalent load on all sides and all the corners are explained uniformly. The utilization of uncovered substance in redundancy is utilized beginning with the fighter to one side, proceeding to Jesus lastly to the more established man of his word filling the base right of the sythesis. This utilization of this reiteration is a pleasant touch and permits the watcher to peruse similarly the surfaces of the piece. The scale and extent of the figures are generally equivalent loaning into the legitimacy of the scene in the space. Procaccini’s primary goal in the artistic creation is for the watcher to concentrate exclusively on the figures, nullifying to try and allude to a foundation. The types of the figures are so all around developed that they permit the structures to take a three dimensional shape. This makes space on an in any case level canvas. The figures that forcefully sneak out of sight are trapped in a second in time not long before Jesus is more than once whipped. Procaccini shrewdly interfaces this Italianesque canvas with its old style courses by covering the figure going to whip Jesus with the scourge in a conventional turban, a conspicuous bit of the Middle East. This precise portrayal of piece of clothing is as opposed to the roman officer that at last wouldn’t have been available right now ever. The officer fills a need in building up florid elegance in the treatment of his drapery just as his flawlessly explained musculature, cementing the nearness of ornate style. The more established man of honor portrayed to one side of Jesus is suggestive of Bronzino’s father time. The stance of both this honorable man and father time are to some degree comparative and furthermore the manner in which the two craftsmen have offered his age relative his more youthful solid form. This might be an inconspicuous method of saying that Christ’s time on earth might be attracting to a nearby. It might have additionally filled in as an approach to persuade the residents to benefit as much as possible from their time on earth. Line is anything but an indispensable piece of the creation and by and large cosmetics of the picture. You read Elaborate Painting Analysis in class Papers Truth be told, hardly any lines can be found in the basic lines of the column that Jesus is bound to. Be that as it may, one line of significance leads from the left foot of Jesus, up his thigh and through his middle, shooting our eye up from Jesus’ body to the scourge employing hand of the figure going to strike him. These inferred lines include geometric quality just as move the viewer’s eye in the spots the craftsman wishes. Jesus’ body additionally alludes to a mannerist impact in that the body has a natural stream and utilization of serpentinata. It is obvious in the contrapposto or weight move that makes the body structure a streaming â€Å"S† shape. Assuming an inconspicuous job in the achievement of the piece, shading is indicated in little territories yet is overwhelmed with the diminish lighting. Red is available in the upper right hand corner on the very much created piece of clothing of one more scourge employing resident. Keeping with evenness, Procaccini places a sprinkle of red as the soldier’s drapery. With shading affecting the general picture in a to some degree little way, it considers the utilization of light to have a greater amount of an effect. The lighting in â€Å"The Scourging of Christ† is without saying, stunning. Much like Caravaggio, Procaccini has aced the utilization of Tenebrism. Christ is seen energetically lit in the middle lit up before a dull horrid scene unfurling behind him. In this circumstance, the picture is portraying Christ so hence the light can be viewed as awesome. The heavenly light is provided reason to feel ambiguous about down from god Jesus and fills in as an approach to practically quiet the circumstance and state to Jesus and the watcher that it is alright, that he’s languishing over the benefit of all humanity. This solid message can be named extravagant brain research, where the watcher is genuinely and profoundly associated. Procaccini’s comprehension of how he human condition responds to specific things help his work of art such that he realizes the correct outlet to contact his crowd through. For this situation it is the perfect hand or light of God. Without having a characterized foundation and utilization of planes the craftsman utilizes the splendid light and differentiating murkiness around it to take into considera tion space to be seen. As said previously, Jesus is the premier figure because of Tenebrism and the resulting figures are portrayed in space behind. The smooth progress from the celestial lit territories, to the darker increasingly unclear corners of the creation are incredibly fruitful. For the heavenly light to hit Christ and not stray a long way from the little shine from his fair skin requires quiet and purposeful style strokes. This change just functions admirably with this sort of paint application. The specific strokes give it a photographic like quality that catch the scene correctly how it happens without the deliberation of strokes like that of Rembrandt. This depiction of a second in time and the able rendering of the scene all work together in permitting the scene to turn out to be genuine and the watcher to turn out to be sincerely moved and included. None of this is by some coincidence; Procaccini has capably spread out each part of the piece from the account, to the characters, just as the feelings this piece would bring out. This interpretation of an exemplary scene is ageless and his dominance of the extravagant and mannerist styles are expertly created. In a somewhat unmistakable difference to Procaccini’s rendering of Christ before his season of death, Mathieu Le Nain has made â€Å"The Entombment of Christ†, a portrayal of Christ after he was taken from the cross. Mathieu Le Nain was one of three siblings who were notable French extravagant craftsmen in the seventeenth century. The French rococo style is very unique to that of the ornate styles rehearsed in Southern and Eastern Europe, specifically, those foun

Should dangerous sports be banned Essays - Dispute Resolution

A great many individuals play sport each day, and, unavoidably, some endure injury or torment. Most players and onlookers acknowledge this hazard. Be that as it may, a few people might want to see risky games, for example, boxing prohibited. This paper will look at a portion of the explanations behind restricting certain games. A few games are only a reason for brutality. Boxing is an ideal model. The exact opposite thing an undeniably rough world needs is more brutality on our TV. Seeing two men (or even ladies) seeping, with faces tore open, attempting to devastate each other is brutal. Different games, for example, American football or rugby, are additionally scarcely covered viciousness. A few people contend that the players can decide to partake. Anyway this isn't generally the situation. Numerous fighters, for instance, originate from hindered foundations. They are attracted by cash or by social or friend weight and afterward can't get away. Indeed, even in more extravagant social gatherings, schools power reluctant understudies to play forceful group activities, asserting that playing will improve the understudies' character (or the school's notoriety), however in actuality expanding the danger of injury. Indeed, even where individuals can pick, they here and there should be secured against themselves. A great many people favor of governments' endeavors to decrease smoking. Similarly, governments need to act if there are inadmissibly significant levels of wounds in sports, for example, football, plunging, mountaineering, or engine hustling. I acknowledge that all games include challenge and hazard. Anyway savagery and animosity ought not be allowed for the sake of game. Governments and people must act to restrain mercilessness and brutality, with the goal that kids and grown-ups can appreciate and profit by sport.

Thirty Minutes Later: Are You Smarter Yet?

Every single night heaps of individuals turn on their TVs and check out their preferred projects. A great many people believe that this conduct is entirely ordinary and that nothing is either especially acceptable or unfavorably terrible about doing as such. Others really imagine that staring at the TV can and now and then makes you more intelligent. I feel that the general articulation â€Å"tv makes you smarter† isn't explicit enough when discussing such an issue. I imagine that some TV projects can assist you with increasing some information yet I don't accept that all TV makes you smarter.So, does staring at the TV make you more astute, stupider, or does it have no effect by any means? In Steven Johnson’s exposition â€Å"Watching TV Makes You Smarter† he contends that staring at the TV â€Å"alters the psychological advancement of youngsters to improve things (291)†. Implying that when youngsters sit in front of the TV it can associate in the improvem ent of their brains. Basically, he is stating that sitting in front of the TV can really make an individual more intelligent. In his article, Johnson utilizes the well known demonstrate 24 to help his case. He expresses that â€Å"to understand a scene of 24 you need to focus, make inductions, and track social relationships†(279).Johnson alludes to this as a major aspect of what he calls the Sleeper Curve. Johnson accepts that the Sleeper Curve is the absolute most significant new power changing the psychological improvement of youngsters today, and it is to a great extent a power for good†(279). He concurs that the media may in fact contain increasingly negative messages yet he doesn't feel that is the best way to assess whether our network shows are having a positive effect or not. In one piece of his exposition, Johnson looks at the scholarly strain of watching shows like Frasier, and The Mary Tyler Moore Show to the physical strain of watching Monday Night Football. With that examination he is fundamentally saying that the watcher doesn't need to consider the substance of the show so as to follow the storyline a similar way an individual doesn't need to really play football so as to appreciate a game. All through his article, Johnson even ventures to state that even â€Å"bad† TV has improved. To approve this point he discusses Joe Millionaire and The Apprentice.He examines how all together how so as to win the show contenders needed to conquer certain snags, make sense of â€Å"weak spots† in the game, and use all that they figured out how to finish the lastâ challenge which typically contained a contort. This goes to state that on a superficial level it might appear as though these shows are anything but difficult to follow however they contain shocks that may hinder what the watcher thought would occur. Johnson expresses that â€Å"traditional story likewise trigger passionate associations with the characters† (291). He clarifies this by discussing the to a great extent famous show Survivor, and how in light of the fact that our feelings are included it turns out to be anything but difficult to cast a ballot somebody off the island instead of somebody else.I imagine that solitary particular sorts of TV programs makes you more intelligent, so part of me concurs with Steven Johnson’s contention. I imagine that individuals can take in things from specific sorts of shows. At the point when an individual watches appear on the Food Network, the individual will in all probability figure out how to set up another dish, or enhance a strategy that they are experiencing difficulty with. Another model would be when youngsters watch â€Å"Dora the Explorer†. A few people may just observe a show like this as approach to keep kids calm and occupied.What they would acknowledge whether they really plunked down and viewed a scene or two is that youngsters can gain numerous things like; shapes, hues, n umbers, letters and even some Spanish, all inside the thirty moment runtime of the show. There might be a few sitcoms or unscripted TV dramas out there that you can gain from yet I presently can't seem to discover one that I took in an exercise from. The explanation I don't completely concur with his contention that TV makes you more brilliant is on the grounds that I think just specific sorts of shows make you more astute. I think in his article he is alluding to all network shows and genres.I think he is alluding to all kinds in his contention since he doesn’t state that a particular sort or show is rejected. I don't figure an individual can take in anything from a football match-up, or a scene of Family Guy on the grounds that, as I would like to think, these shows have the underside reason for engaging the individuals that watch them. Family Guy is a vivified arrangement about a family and the entirety of the insane circumstances they get themselves in to. Incidentally, o ne individual from the family is a talking child. In Dana Stevens’ paper, Thinking Outside the Idiot Box, she unmitigatedly can't help contradicting Johnson.She even ventures to deride him saying, â€Å"If staring at the TV truly make you more brilliant, as Steven Johnson contended in an article†¦ then I surmise I have to watch significantly more television†¦because†¦I could not understand Johnson’s piece†(295). I think this remark utilized logos since she is stating that since she wasn’t ready to comprehend Johnson’s contention perhaps she doesn’t observe enough TV. Obviously this remark was a snide one. So as to make this point more clear she references the famous children’s show Teletubbies, saying that it is â€Å"essentially an instructional exercise educating babies the fundamentals of vegging out† (Stevens 296).She believes that the show 24 shows you nothing but to observe further scenes of the show. Steve ns likewise expresses that Johnson’s guarantee for TV as an instrument for mind upgrade appears to be profoundly and amusingly false (297). In this way, obviously Stevens is a piece of the gathering of individuals that don't think TV makes you more astute. I don’t think Stevens is thoroughly staring at the TV. I think rather she is against people sitting in front of the TV constantly and figuring it will make them more brilliant. She feels that grown-ups should screen the measure of TV they watch, a similar way they screen the number f mixed beverages they expend at a bar.Stevens closes her exposition by giving perusers an approach to test Johnson’s hypothesis: â€Å"National Television Turnoff Week† (298). Regardless of whether the participant’s IQ doesn’t drop from not sitting in front of the TV, it would at present offer people’s minds a reprieve from staring at the TV and offer them the chance to tune back in with genuine individu als, genuine issues, and reality. She additionally makes reference to a handheld gadget that can turn off any TV inside twenty to twenty-five feet. The distinction between this remote and some other remote as of now available is that this remote would be able to control all TVs inside its radius.Like with any new innovation there are the two advocates and adversaries. Advocates imagine that this gadget will reestablish harmony and serenity to open places, for example, air terminals and transport stations. Rivals think this simply one more route for individuals to attempt to control their lives. I think the gadget is obtrusive and controlling. On the off chance that individuals need to sit in front of the TV for twenty-four hours in a row, they are grown-ups and they ought to have the option to do that. This gadget identifies with the discussion about TV since individuals that think TV is observed a lot of would need this remote to be used.But for individuals that think TV is valuabl e just as engaging, the utilization of this gadget would appear to be an intrusion of protection. I am by and by going back and forth of this issue. I think some TV programs have instructive worth. I additionally figure individuals should observe less TV, and maybe get a book-which are demonstrated to make you more brilliant. I think shows, for example, Wheel of Fortune, Family Feud, and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire make you more brilliant in light of the fact that you can’t help yet inundate yourself in the show and attempt to find the solutions right.Even in the event that you find the solutions wrong, or never utilize the data you picked up, you ledge got the hang of something. Then again, I don’t think unscripted tv shows can show you anything by any means. Think about your preferred unscripted TV drama, presently take a couple of moments to cause a psychological rundown of the things you to have gained from watching that appear. On the off chance that you can con sider anything by any stretch of the imagination, the rundown is most likely short. This is alright in light of the fact that the sole motivation behind TV isn't to instruct individuals. I think TV should be looked for amusement purposes.If you were to take a survey of the network shows individuals watch all the time, the vast majority of the appropriate responses would presumably be; Scandal, Teen Mom, and NCIS. These shows I would need to state contain almost no to nothing to show an individual. A few shows can even empower awful practices and impact individuals to do terrible things. Let’s take the famous MTV show Teen Mom for example; before the show initially debuted, when adolescents would get pregnant they didn’t think it was cool, or charming, and they unquestionably were not posting pictures on Facebook with their pregnant friends.When high school young ladies saw the entirety of the popularity the superstars were getting, it by one way or another enrolled in their brains that on the off chance that they got pregnant at a youthful age they would some way or another become the superstar, get paid for it, and carry on with a glad life. What they don’t acknowledge until it’s past the point of no return is that the greater part of the stuff on â€Å"reality† shows are organized and counterfeit. One of my undisputed top choice shows was Jersey Shore, which was an unscripted TV drama about a gathering of outsiders living in a house together for various months.The show followed the entirety of the drinking, smoking, dramatization, and sex that went on in that house. What youthful teenagers appeared to overlook was that the individuals on that show were of lawful drinking age that were considered responsible for their own activities, so when they went out attempting to copy the cast individuals conduct they and their folks wound up in a tough situation. This backings my case that some TV programs are for entert

Early Modern Period Free Essays

1450-1750 Early Modern Period Major Developments I. Inquiries of Periodization A. Significant focuses 1. We will compose a custom article test on Early Modern Period or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Move in capacity toward the West a. Ascent of the West with fall of China and India makes awkwardness in power that favors Europeans for next 200 years 2. World decreases †practically all human advancements contacted in terms of professional career 3. New Empires †Spain, Portugal, England, France, Netherlands, Ottoman, Russian, Mughal, Ming 4. Time of Gunpowder B. Changes at end of Postclassical Era 1. Free social orders (Aztecs, Incas) self-destructing 2. Middle Easterner force declining 3. New intrusions †Mongols 4. Stool Empire picks up power a. Europeans compromised by new power to East 5. Chinese play with exchange, yet Ming civil servants pull back 6. Europe enters period of investigation C. Western Europe 1. Bizarre horticultural human progress 2. New perspective on family †atomic a. Love toward mate b. Warmth toward kids 3. Come back to discerning idea 4. Stable political structures a. Outright government b. Parliamentary governments 5. Strict reformers a. Change the Church b. Protestant Reformation D. Impacts of Global Economy 1. By 1750, nearly everybody knows everybody 2. Food trade †new staple harvests to Africa (corn), Europe (potato) 3. Inconsistent connections †ace, slave, proprietors, workforce 4. Slaves and serfs 5. Ailments E. Topics 1. Declining accentuation of travelers 2. Direct connections †ministers supplant delegates (Nomads) 3. Sex relations stay man centric 4. Work relations change †ace/slave †maltreatment of indigenous people groups 5. A couple of business pioneers get rich 6. Natural changes a. ood, creature, ailment exhange 7. Local vegetation a. Deforestation for staple yields b. Touching area for recently presented large animals trouble 8. Centralization of governments a. Present day government 1. administrations 2. organizations 3. admiralties 4. treasuries 5. general staff 6. state banks 9. Country states started to rise a. strong political units with fixed outskirts b. feeling of national solidarity c. populaces generally homoge nous †language/ethnicity F. Bigger Trends 1. Americas overpowered by untouchables 2. Three patterns a. Western extension . Globalization of exchange c. Black powder 3. Responses a. Grasp by decision b. Grasp forcibly c. Decide to stay autonomous, include in exchange on own standing G. Why 1450 and 1750 1. 1450 a. End of the Middle Ages b. Start of the Northern Renaissance †away from Italian city-states c. English removed from France d. Brought together France started to practice its capacity e. Globalization of exchange starts f. Direct contact among Europe and sub-Saharan Africa/Americas g. End of the Byzantine Empire h. Stool Turks ascend to control The most effective method to refer to Early Modern Period, Papers

Technical writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Specialized composition - Essay Example In this manner, the reason for this notice is to give data about the impact of the Japan’s business culture and exchange styles on business. Regardless of the ongoing changes in the Japanese business culture, the Japanese exchange style remains the most unmistakable on the planet. It is far not the same as exchange styles in Japan’s nearest neighbors, for example, Taiwan and Korea. Japanese officials embrace an inconspicuous, relaxed bartering, in opposition to the run of the mill forceful wheeling and dealing of Chinese and Korean business administrators (Hodgson, Sano and Graham 39). This postures difficulties in working together in light of the fact that, Japanese will in general be increasingly slow conscious in making concessions (Nishiyama 102). This takes quite a while in settling on business choices for the gatherings in question. Different difficulties emerge due to the Japanese’s retreat into ambiguous articulations or quietness when there are inconveni ences, creation of successive referrals to the administrative center or bosses, and their nonverbal practices that are perplexing and confounding (Nishiyama 102). The reminder has been written in this picked plan strategy as a result of its motivation. Being an instructive reminder, arrangement of data and insights regarding Japan’s corporate culture and exchange styles and how they present difficulties to working together in Japan is the center capacity of this notice. ... Part B: A Report on the Challenges Associated with working together in Japan The significant difficulties that are related with working together in Japan are installed in the country’s corporate culture and language. In the first place, when one goes to work together in Japan, the person faces difficulties of acknowledgment. The Japanese doesn't acknowledge outsiders promptly and accept them as their own just like the case in different nations. This makes a test in creating, and keeping up viable business relations inside the Japanese framework. Another test comes from how male Japanese relates with females. For example, male Japanese officials have no involvement with managing female administrators, and have practically no convention of doing as such (Mente 79). Accordingly, females working together in Japan faces challenges since some Japanese will in general accept that ladies are not intended to be business chiefs in any case. The Japanese market is a troublesome market. T here are huge difficulties related with section to the Japanese market, which is amazingly costly and tedious. Sometimes, it might be completely difficult to break into the dissemination channels for specific items. This is on the grounds that these channels are closely knit that no outsider can infiltrate them (Mente 42). Powerlessness to break into these channels has nothing to do with costs or item marketability, however it is connected to the solid connections between Japanese makers, retailers and makers. Interesting society and trouble Japanese language makes critical difficulties in working together. Language obstruction and misconception of culture lead to miscommunication and misconception (Haghirian 55). The

4 Books to Get You Started on Contemporary International Politics

4 Books to Get You Started on Contemporary International Politics Sometimes Hollywood and Netflix makes the U.S. seem like the whole world. Especially if, like me, you have the tendency to click on things in your recommended list. We can really get caught up in a bubble when Netflix or Amazon recommends stuff to us that they know well like, based on our previous purchases. Then the media were exposed to doesnt so much open our minds as reinforce our pre-existing values or beliefs. With  Western democracy being increasingly cast in doubt, reading beyond ones political ideology is now more important than ever (if youre not convinced, herere  5 reasons why you should). And that includes broadening our horizons to look at contemporary politics from a global view. So, because I believe in being a well-informed voter, I took a stroll down the Politics section of the library andâ€"boy was it overwhelming! For someone whose only exposure to contemporary international politics was House of Cards, I had to read a truckload to understand just the basics of wh ats going on in a few major countries of the world. To save you the trouble of getting lost in a whole labyrinth of political ideology, heres a list of books about contemporary international politics to get you started. Conscience of a conservative: A Rejection of destructive politics and a return to principle  by jeff flake A scathing critique of Trump that both Democrats and Republicans can appreciate. I found this a more genuine account of what goes on inside the White House than, say, the New York Times Bestseller  Fire and Fury,  which reads more like tabloid journalism (that one definitely wins in entertainment value, thoughâ€"I laughed when I learnt how much Trump hates reading). Some may accuse Senator Flake of hypocrisy, but the book itself takes a well-informed look at the current state of American politics, and makes a compelling call to return to bipartisanship and civility. How democracies die: What history reveals about our future  by steven levitsky and daniel ziblatt Democracies die when individuals are given power through democratic means and then subvert the systems rules or principles. In this book, Harvard scholars Levitsky and Ziblatt examine the collapse of modern democracies such as Germany and Italy, laying out the warning signs of authoritarianism that are flashing all too brightly now in Trump-led U.S. Introduction to Comparative Politics: The State and Its Challenges  By Robert Hislope and Anthony Mughan Recommended to me by a Pol. Science friend. Quite beginner-friendly. Hislope and Mughan provide an adequate number of case studies, comparing the authoritarian regimes of Myanmar, Kuwait and Paraguay with various systems of democracy. I found the chapter on organised crime most fascinating. Its rare in a textbook to get such a detailed study of the impact of crime on politics. The East asian challenge for Democracy: political meritocracy in comparative perspective  edited by daniel A. Bell and chenyang li Here we leave behind the traditional dichotomy of democracy and authoritarianism. Writers of this essay compilation met in Singapore, the only officially meritocratic country that doesnt reject democracy, to exchange ideas. Comparing the political meritocracy of Singapore and China with its philosophy, history, and practice in the U.S. and UK, this book is a wellspring of political wisdom. As scholars openly weigh the strengths and weaknesses of both democracy and meritocracy, they prompt us to consider how democratic processes of selection can best be integrated with the Confucian ideal of meritâ€"be it intelligence or virtueâ€"in public leadership, without falling prey to the corruptive influence of power. Some critics call Singapore an autocracy, but as this writer puts it, at least the escalators work. What books do you recommend about contemporary international politics?   Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Sex discrimination in the European Court of Justice - Free Essay Example

The case law of the European Court of Justice on matters of sex discrimination considerably expanded the scope of Article 141. More recently, in applying the principle of equality, the court has shown uncharacteristic restraint. Prior to the treaty of Amsterdam, the then Article 119 of the EC Treaty provided: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Each Member State shall during the first stage ensure and subsequently maintain the application of the principle that men and women should receive equal pay for equal work. For the purpose of this Article, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"payà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ means the ordinary basic minimum wage or salary and any other consideration, whether in cash or in kind, which the worker receives, directly or indirectly, in respect of his employment from his employer.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This was amended by the Amsterdam Treaty and became Article 141: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Each Member State shall ensure that the principle of equal pay for male and female workers for equal work or work of equal value is applied.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It has been observed[1] that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“although the wording has seemingly broadened, this reflects the jurisprudence of the ECJ [emphasis supplied] and the central principle remains the same. During the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“first stageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  referred to in Art.119 (1958-62), it was thought that implementation of the principle of equal pay would be by national measures. When some of the then six member states failed to do this, the Commission took no enforcement action against them. However, in Case 43/75 Defrenne v Sabena (No.2), a Belgian air hostess claimed compensation for discrimination based on the fact that she received less pay than cabin stewards doing the same work. The Court de Travail asked the Court of Justice if Art.119 could be relied upon in national courts independently of national legislation. The court held that Art.119 was directly effective and gave rise to individual rights which national courts must protect in cases of discrimination. These could be identified by the courts solely with the aid of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“equal pay/equal workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  criteria contained within the Article itself. However, it was acknowledged that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ the complete implementation of the aimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦may in certain cases involve the elaboration of criteria whose implementation necessitates the taking of appropriate measures at Community and national level.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Following representations from the UK and Irish governments, concerned that direct enforcement from the end of the first stage might prove financially catastrophic to certain undertakings, it was held, somewhat expediently, that the decision was to have prospective effect. The first UK equal pay case to be referred to the Court of Justice itself brought about a broadening in the perceived application of the Treaty principle. In Case 129/79 Maccarthys Ltd v Smith, a claim was brought on the basis that a woman was paid  £10 per week less than the man who had occupied the same position four months previously. The limitations of Defrenne were recognised in that the comparison in that case had been straightforward but that there might exist situations in which a pay difference between two workers occupying the same post at different times might be explicable by factors unconnected with discrimination on the grounds of sex. Thus it was concluded that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the principle that men and women should receive equal pay for equal work, enshrined in Article 119 of the EEC Treaty, is not confined to situations in which men and women are contemporaneously doing equal work for the same employer.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The Court was next prepared to broaden the scope of the Article in order to protect women who comprise some 90% of the part-time work force in the EU. In Case 96/80 Jenkins v Kingsgate (Clothing Productions) Ltd, a female part-time worker complained that she did not receive the same hourly rate of pay as her colleagues (both male and female) who were employed full-time on the same work. It was held that the fact that part-time work is paid at an hourly rate lower than pay for full-time work does not amount per se to discrimination prohibited by Article 119 provided that the hourly rates are applied to workers belonging to either category without distinction based on sex. However, where it is established that a considerably smaller percentage of women than of men perform the minimum number of weekly working hours required in order to be able to claim the full time hourly rate of pay, the inequality in pay will be contrary to Article 119 of the Treaty where, regard being had to the difficulties encountered by women in arranging to work that minimum number of hours per week, the pay policy of the undertaking cannot be explained by factors other than discrimination based on sex. The Court has also been willing to stretch the concept of pay. In Case 12/81 Garland v British Rail Engineering Ltd, employees and their families were entitled to special rail travel concessions. On retirement, the families of female former workers lost the concessions while those of their male counterparts ret ained them. The court ruled that such benefits constituted à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢payà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ within the meaning of Article 119. This may be regarded as a somewhat bold application of the concept given that the employment had ceased and that the direct beneficiaries of this benefit had never received it pursuant to any contract of employment. Therefore, the necessary discrimination operated against the workerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s family and not against the ex-employee herself. Further decisions continued this trend. In Case 170/84 Bilka-Kaufhaus an occupational pension incorporated into contracts of employment by a collective agreement notwithstanding the fact that it had originated in German legislation was held to fall within the ambit of the Article as was a UK employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contracted-out occupational pension scheme in Case C-262/88 Barber v Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance Group. The Article has even been held to apply to compensation for unfair dismissal. In Case C-167/97 R v Secretary of State for Employment ex p Seymour-Smith, judicial review was sought of a 1985 Order varying the Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 which had the effect of precluding a claim by the female applicants on the basis that they had less than the two yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ continuous service required to bring a claim of unfair dismissal. It was argued that this order was indirectly discriminatory on the ground that by virtue of the length of service requirement it affected ore women than men. Although the argument eventually failed on this discrimination point, it was held by the European Court that a judicial award of compensation for unfair dismissal related directly to the remuneration which the employee would have received but for the dismissal. Accordingly, such compensation was paid to the applicant by virtue of her employment and was therefore to be regarded as pay notwithstanding the fact that such compensation was a statutory right as op posed to deriving from the contract of employment. Although specifically decided under the Equal Treatment Directive, Case C-13/94 P v S and Cornwall County Council perhaps illustrates the outer reaches of judicial creativity in the field of equal treatment on the grounds of gender. The applicant informed the employer of his intention to undergo gender reassignment which involved dressing as a woman for a period of time and then surgery to give him the physical attributes of a woman. A dismissal for transsexuality was challenged on the basis of discrimination on the grounds of sex. It was held that the Equal Treatment Directive applied à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“since such discrimination is based essentially, if not conclusively, on the sex of the person concernedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Perhaps not surprisingly, it has been observed[2] that this decision à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“has rightly been described as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dramaticà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"remarkableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€ š ¬Ã‹Å"courageousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢! More recently, however, the early simplicity of the application of the Article and the ideological zeal with which the Court appeared determined extend its scope appear to have become diluted. For example, in Case C-309/97 Angestelltenbetriebstrat der Wiener Gebietskrankenkasse, the issue concerned the performance of psychotherapy by doctors and graduate psychologists (the latter being predominantly women). The question before the court was whether the different qualifications of the two groups meant that they were not engaged in equal work. Rather than rely upon the difference in qualifications in allowing the pay difference to be justified on grounds other than sex, the Court ruled that it could not be said that the same work was being carried out even though it involved the same activities over a considerable length of time since the qualification base of those undertaking the work was different. A similarly craven evasion of the issue was apparent in Case C-249/97 Gruber v Silhouette International in which an Austrian woman terminated her employment because she could not arrange appropriate child care. Austrian law provided for a termination payment but this was not available where the employee had terminated the employment unless it was for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“important reasonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The Court was therefore called upon to decide whether maternity should fall within the category of such reasons. It was held that it did not since the definition of such reasons in the relevant legislation made it clear that they were to be reasons which rendered continued service impossible as distinct from the exercise of personal preference. In finding that the applicant had not been indirectly discriminated against, the Court refused to recognise that maternity should be held equivalent to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“important reasonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  rather than regarded as the exercise of preference. Such a conclusion is offensive to acce pted notions of justice and, given the Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pedigree of preparedness to find indirect discrimination, especially surprising in the case of a women whose treatment was directly related to her responsibility for children. In Case C-411/96 Boyle v Equal Opportunities Commission, it was alleged that a rule which required a woman to refund to her employer the difference between contractual maternity pay and the statutory minimum to which she was entitled in the event of her not returning to work after the birth was contrary to Article 141 because the same rule did not apply to employees who received contractual sick pay above the statutory minimum level. It was held that although maternity pay clearly fell within the scope of the Article, there was no discrimination as a result of the application of different rules to comparable situations because the situations of pregnant women and those on maternity leave could not be compared to that of a man or woman on sick l eave. In the light of the earlier willingness of the Court to make comparisons based upon substance rather than form, it is difficult to understand why there was such readiness to distinguish between two apparently comparable groups on the basis that the absence was due to pregnancy in one situation and illness in another. A further example of the recently more restrictive approach to the Court in the application of Article 141 is to be found in the first decision on the Parental Leave Directive 96/34: Case C-333/97 Lewen v Denda. The complaint concerned failure to pay a Christmas bonus while the claimant was on parental leave. Plainly the bonus was pay within the terms of the Article. There was no question of direct discrimination since it would not have been paid to either a man or a woman while on parental leave. However, it was argued that the action was indirectly discriminatory since the Court found as fact that women take parental leave à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“far more oftenà ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã‚  than men. Nonetheless, it was held that because discrimination arises when different rules are applied to comparable situations or the same rule is applied to different situations, the payment of the bonus only to those in active employment was not discriminatory because a worker who exercises the statutory right to take parental leave which carries with it an allowance paid by the state is in a special situation which cannot be compared to that of the man or woman in work since à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“such leave involves suspension of the contract f employment and therefore of the respective obligations of the employer and the worker.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  While such reasoning is superficially attractive, it is disappointing when one considers the outcome of Jenkins (supra) in which the Court was prepared to have regard to the fact that although logically a comparison should not be made between full-time and part-time workers, the reality of the situation was that in such a situation wo men were disproportionately affected and that a finding of indirect discrimination was therefore justified. This deterioration in the robustness of the Court has been well marked by commentators. Ellis[3] has remarked: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“With only a very few exceptions, the Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s judgments today are failing to send out the formerly clear message that sex discrimination is unlawful, that it will be recognised and outlawed even where its operation is subtle, and that few exceptions will be allowed to stand in the way of the effectiveness of the non-discrimination principle.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  She argues that this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“loss of directionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  might be a symptom of the well-known overload currently being experienced by the Court. It may also be of significance that the majority of what are regarded as forward-looking and progressive decisions have been those of the Chambers rather than the Full Court which might be becoming too large for effectiv e decision-making. The decline in the radicalism of the Court is of particular concern given recent developments within the Union. The Amsterdam Treaty of 1997 added two new provisions to the Article 141 equality principle. First, the Council is required to adopt measures to ensure equal opportunity and equal treatment of men and women in employment. Second, it overtly encourages positive action: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“With a view to ensuring full equality in practice between men and women in working life, the principle of equal treatment shall not prevent any Member State from maintaining or adopting measures providing for specific advantages in order to make it easier for the underrepresented sex to pursue a vocational activity or to prevent or compensate for disadvantages in professional careers.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Further, the much maligned proposed European Constitution not only specifically provides by Article II-83 that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“equality between men and women must be ens ured in all areas, including work and payà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (and once again preserves the exemption in favour of positive action) but also requires by Article II-81 that not only should there be no discrimination on the grounds of sex but also that such protection should extend to: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦race, colour, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, birth, disability, age or sexual orientationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  In respect of sex discrimination, Defeis[4] concludes that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Member States will likely continue to need prodding from the ECJ and the Commission to fully implement the new provisions of the Amsterdam Treaty.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  From the trend in recent decisions of the Court in sex discrimination cases it may be concluded that much of the apparent early reforming zeal has been dissipated. The Union is now greatly enlarged and the anti-discrimination provisions of the proposed Constitution are far more wide-reaching, difficult to define and potentially controversial than the by now well-established gender equality issues. If there is to be any hope of effective enforcement of broader obligations in a Union greatly expanded in size and diversity, it is time for the European Court of Justice to rediscover its teeth. Bibliography Arnull, A., Dashwood, A., Ross, M., Wyatt, D., Wyatt and Dashwoodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s European Union Law, (4th Ed., 2003) Craig, P. De Burca, G., EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials, (3rd Ed., 2003) Defeis, E., The Treaty of Amsterdam: The Next Step Towards Gender Equality?, www.bc.edu Ellis, J., The Recent Jurisprudence of the Court of Justice in the Field of Sex Equality, (2000) CMLR 37, 1403-1426 Fenwick, H. Hervey, T., Sex Equality in the Single Market: New Directions for the European Court of Justice, (1995) CMLR 32, 443-470 Fredman, S., Reversing Discrimin ation, (1997) 113 LQR 575 Steiner, J. Woods, L., Textbook on EC Law, (8th Ed., 2003) Tillotson, J. Foster, N., Text, Cases and Materials on European Union Law, (4th Ed., 2003) Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, Council of Ministers document CIG 87/1/04 REV 1 of 13 Oct 2004 www.europa.eu.int 1 Footnotes [1] Steiner, J. Woods, L., Textbook on EC Law, (8th Ed., 2003), p.495 [2] Tillotson, J. Foster, N., Text, Cases and Materials on European Union Law, (4th Ed., 2003), p.395 [3] Ellis, J., The Recent Jurisprudence of the Court of Justice in the Field of Sex Equality, (2000) CMLR 37, 1403 at p.1426 [4] Defeis, E., The Treaty of Amsterdam: The Next Step Towards Gender Equality?, www.bc.edu

Essay on Is Stereotyping Inevitable - 1740 Words

Prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping are important topics at the cause of debating within social psychology. A stereotype is a generalization about a group of people, in which certain traits cling to all members, regardless of actual individual variation (Akert, Aronson, Wilson, 2010). As humans, people assign objects and individuals into categories to organize the environment. Individuals do this for not only organization, but also survival. Is stereotyping inevitable? That is the question; according to Devine (2007), it is, but Lepore and Brown (2007) have to disagree. Devine believes that â€Å"stereotyping is automatic, which makes it inevitable.† On the other hand, Lepore and Brown are not convinced that stereotyping is†¦show more content†¦Energy and conscious controlled thinking takes effort; this does not apply in social situations, making the stereotype appear (Devine, 1989). Cultural influence affects not only the formation of a stereotype, but also its acceptance. According to the tripartite model of attitudes, a stereotype is the cognitive component of prejudiced attitudes. Many contemporary theorists suggest prejudice is an inevitable consequence of the stereotyping process (Devine, 1989). This makes learning attitudes and stereotypes of social groups inevitable. There is strong evidence that stereotypes are established in children’s memories before they have the ability to use cognitive processing to accept or reject the stereotypes. In this developmental process, the stereotype is easier to access for the child than personal beliefs; therefore, the culture an individual lives in makes it impossible not to apply stereotypes in daily life (Devine, 1989). Schemas are mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world (Akert, Aronson, Wilson, 2010). The accessibility of schemas makes them easier to retrieve in social situations. Priming is also relevant in how people apply schemas. Researchers in Germany pursued the idea that stereotypes organize as multiple, context-specific schemas that activate only by a combination of category and context informationShow MoreRelatedStereotyping Is Inevitable, By James Baldwin1717 Words   |  7 PagesStereotyping is inevitable, we all do it ad we all experience it, but this does not mean it does not effect us. Stereotypes are all around us. They effect the way we think about ourselves and the way we think about the people around us. Stereotyping leads us to act certain ways and treat people certain ways. At times it can be beneficial to a certain group, but may bring many disadvantages to others. Many times stereotypes limit us and restricting our success in life. In â€Å"A Letter to My Nephew,†Read MoreStereotyping986 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Stereotyping In My essay I will discuss stereotyping and different types of stereotyping. I will discuss how in todays society people are stereotyped in different many ways. In today’s society, there are stereotypes for almost any groups that individuals belong to. At some point in any person’s life, they would have experienced stereotyping. For instance, it is often said that all African Americans are good at basketball, males are more aggressive than females, Lawyers are deceitful, and the listRead More Media Stereotypes Essay examples1432 Words   |  6 PagesMedia Stereotypes â€Å"Media stereotypes are inevitable, especially in the advertising, entertainment and news industries, which need as wide an audience as possible to quickly understand information. Stereotypes act like codes that give audiences a quick, common understanding of a person or group of people—usually relating to their class, ethnicity or race, gender, sexual orientation, social role or occupation.† Stereotypes are deeply embedded in every society in numerous ways. The dictionaryRead MoreStereotypes And Prejudice : Their Automatic And Controlled Components1169 Words   |  5 PagesArticle 1 – Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their Automatic and Controlled Components Devine (1989) argues that stereotypes are inevitable on the basis that stereotypes and prejudice coexist and that stereotyping occurs automatically. Devine attempts to prove this hypothesis in three experiments. Devine reasons that â€Å"as long as stereotypes exist, prejudice will follow.† This hypothesis is rooted in a correlation. Prejudice and stereotypes are related, however there is no clear evidence of causality;Read MoreGender Stereotyping Standards For Men And Women Across America909 Words   |  4 PagesGender stereotyping sets standards for men and women across America, this being true for the past few hundred years. It is not secret that women are said to be most useful in the kitchen, and that men are to be found somewhere doing hard work, being the bread winner. Also, in the way we allow our young children to be identified; blue means it’s a boy, pink means it’s a girl. As times change, so does society and its mentality as a whole. Some stereotype s have been more difficult to break than othersRead More Gender Differences and Gender Stereotypes from a Psychological Perspective1085 Words   |  5 PagesGender Differences and Gender Stereotypes from a Psychological Perspective Gender Differences and Gender Stereotypes Gender differences and gender stereotypes are fascinating in that one must sift through the theories, assumptions and inevitable confusion to distinguish the reality from the assumption. Men and women are obviously different, especially inherently, but how? And why? And which differences are more individualized than generalized? Even more interesting is to observe how theRead MoreIf I’m Asian I must be short, right? Essay1688 Words   |  7 Pageswhether racial, gender-based, religion-based, age-based, etc., continually permeate our society because it is difficult to undermine the psychological aspects of stereotyping, because of the media, and because it’s easier for people to cope with certain situations when they can generalize a group of people. The process of stereotyping a person is a cognitive, psychological process. People are given certain information and their mind processes it, imbuing it deep inside the mental crevices of theRead MorePrejudice in the United States963 Words   |  4 Pagesthink the core of prejudice comes from stereotyping, which is the generalization of motives, characteristics, or behavior to an entire group of people. In the world where media propaganda is ubiquitous, often times most stereotypes are not formed on valid experiences, instead they are based on images publicized by the mass media, or even created within our heads after seeing and hearing examples from many different sources, like movies, or even hearsay. Stereotyping is more powerful than we think, becauseRead MoreMedia Representation in Lgbt1343 Words   |  6 Pagesparticular segment of our world (LGBT). Stereotyping people can be harmful and have long lasting effects on us as a society, â€Å"It can transform slight assumptions on people and make them perceived realities† (Meem, Mitchellamp; Jonathan 2010). Such stereotypes are capable of perpetuating inequality and social prejudice in society. However, it is imperative to note that stereotyping through the media is sometimes inevitable. In the case of television, stereotyping occurs through advertisements, newsRead MoreThe Walt Disney Corporation1698 Words   |  7 Pagesantagonists to surmount, and an inevitable happy resolution complete with romantic love waiting in the end† according to Nguyen. What seems to be another common trend in Disney’s formulaic nature is the way in which gender and ethnic groups are portrayed in their animated films. But what appears to be â€Å"wholesome† and â€Å"innocent† within these films can ironically contain negative implicit messages in relation to gender an d racial stereotyping. In terms of gender stereotyping, women are depicted as â€Å"young

Biography of Jack Johnson, American Boxing Champion

Jack Johnson (March 31, 1878–June 10, 1946) was an American boxer who became the worlds first African-American heavyweight champion. He came to fame during the Jim Crow era, when the South was still racially segregated. Johnsons success in the ring made him one of the most famous African-Americans of his time. Fast Facts: Jack Johnson Known For: Johnson was an African-American boxer who reigned as the heavyweight champion from 1908 to 1915.Also Known As: John Arthur Johnson, Galveston GiantBorn: March 31, 1878 in Galveston, TexasParents: Henry and Tina JohnsonDied: June 10, 1946 in Raleigh, North CarolinaPublished Works: My Life and Battles (1914), Jack Johnson: In the Ring and Out (1927)Awards and Honors: International Boxing Hall of FameSpouse(s): Etta Terry Duryea (m. 1911-1912), Lucille Cameron (m. 1912-1924), Irene Pineau (m. 1925-1946) Early Life Jack Johnson was born John Arthur Johnson on March 31, 1878, in Galveston, Texas. His parents Henry and Tina Johnson were former slaves; his father worked as a janitor and his mother worked as a dishwasher. Johnson left school after only a few years and went to work at the docks. He later moved to Dallas, where he first began learning how to box, and then Manhattan, where he roomed with boxer Barbados Joe Walcott. Johnson eventually returned to Galveston, where he participated in his first professional match on November 1, 1898. Johnson won the fight. Boxing Career Johnson boxed professionally from 1898 through 1928 and in exhibition matches until 1945. He fought 113 fights, winning 79 matches, 44 of them by knockouts. He defeated Canadian Tommy Burns on December 26, 1908, in the World Boxing Championship held in Sydney, Australia. This began a quest to find a Great White Hope to defeat him. James Jeffries, a leading white fighter, came out of retirement to answer the challenge. The ensuing match—known as the Fight of the Century—took place on July 4, 1910, in Reno, Nevada, in front of a crowd of 20,000 people. The fight went on for 15 rounds, with Jeffries growing wearier and wearier. He was even knocked down—for the first time in his career—twice. His team decided to surrender to save Jeffries from having a knockout on his record. For the fight, Johnson earned $65,000. News of Jeffries defeat ignited numerous incidents of white violence against blacks, but black poet William Waring Cuney captured the exuberant African-American reaction in his poem â€Å"My Lord, What a Morning: O my Lord,What a morning,O my Lord,What a feeling,When Jack JohnsonTurned Jim JeffriesSnow-white faceto the ceiling. The Johnson-Jefferies fight was filmed and became one of the most popular motion pictures of the era. However, there was a strong movement to censor the film, as many people did not want to publicize the news of Johnsons victory. Johnson won the heavyweight title when he knocked out Tommy Burns in 1908, and he held onto  the title until April 5, 1915, when he was knocked out by Jess Willard in the 26th round of the world championship fight in Havana, Cuba. Johnson defended his heavyweight championship three times in Paris before his fight against Jess Willard.  He continued boxing professionally until 1938, when, well past his prime, he lost his final match to Walter Price. Johnson was known for his defensive fighting style; he preferred to gradually wear down his opponents rather than going for a knockout. With each passing round, as his opponents became more exhausted, Johnson would ratchet up his attacks until going for the final blow. Personal Life Johnson received bad publicity because of his three marriages, all to Caucasian women. Interracial marriages were prohibited in most of America at the time. He was convicted of violating the Mann Act in 1912 when he transported his wife across state lines before their marriage and was sentenced to a year in prison. Fearing for his safety, Johnson escaped while he was out on appeal. Posing as a member of a black baseball team, he fled to Canada and later to Europe and  remained a fugitive for seven years. Wrench Patent In 1920, Johnson decided to return to the U.S. to serve his sentence. It was during this time that, searching for a tool that would tighten or loosen nuts and bolts, he made improvements  to the design of the monkey wrench. Johnson received a patent for his innovations in 1922. Johnson’s wrench was unique in that it could be easily taken apart for cleaning or repair and its gripping action was superior to that of other tools on the market at the time. Johnson is credited with coining the term â€Å"wrench.† Later Years After his release from prison, Jack Johnsons boxing career declined. He worked in vaudeville to make ends meet, even appearing with a trained flea act. He opened a night club in Harlem in 1920; it was later purchased from him and renamed the Cotton Club. Johnson wrote two memoirs, Mes Combats in 1914, and Jack Johnson: In the Ring and Out in 1927. Death On June 10, 1946, Johnson was in an automobile accident near Raleigh, North Carolina, after speeding away from a diner where he was refused service. He was rushed to the nearest black hospital, where he died at the age of 68. Johnson was buried in Graceland Cemetery in Chicago. Legacy Johnson was inducted into the Boxing Hall of Fame in 1954, followed by the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990. His career inspired numerous people, including heavyweight champion Muhammed Ali and jazz trumpeter Miles Davis, who recorded an album in 1971 called A Tribute to Jack Johnson. The 1910 film of Johnsons famous fight against James Jefferies was added to the National Film Registry in 2005. Johnsons life was the inspiration for the 1970 film The Great White Hope. On May 24, 2018, President Donald Trump issued a posthumous pardon for Johnsons 1912 conviction. Trump called the heavyweight champion one of the greatest that ever lived and a truly great fighter. Sources Johnson, Jack.  Jack Johnson: in the Ring and Out. Kessinger Pub., 2007.â€Å"Remarks by President Trump at Pardoning of John Arthur ‘Jack’ Johnson.† The White House, The United States Government.Ward, Geoffrey C.  Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson. Yellow Jersey Press, 2015.

William Faulkners A Rose for Emily Essay - 1382 Words

Emily’s Downward Spiral: An Analysis of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† the main character of the story is Miss Emily Grierson. To analyze and examine her character, it is almost impossible not to look at the psychological aspect of it. Through the narrative of Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Miss Emily’s behavior and character is revealed as outright strange from any average standard of characters. A few days after they lay Miss Emily’s body to rest, the townspeople of Jefferson come to Grierson’s home to open one particular room upstairs, which has not been seen or entered into for the past several years. Miss Emily has kept this room closed from others for at least 40 years. When the door†¦show more content†¦As a result, Miss Emily remains unmarried. This situation perhaps helps readers understand how Miss Emily is trying to cope of all the burden and pressures of great expectations that others have of her. While most individuals can handle this kind of stress, Miss Emily unfortunately is unable to develop healthy, adaptive coping mechanisms. Another glimpse of her character is when the sheriff office attempts to collect taxes, Emily tells them â€Å"see Colonel Sartoris† (33), who had been dead almost ten years. â€Å"I have no taxes in Jefferson† reasserts Emily (33). Despite many attempts to collect taxes, Emily simply continues to ref use to cooperate with the town authorities. This observation of Miss Emilys behavior is telling us how irrational and inappropriate she is when she interacts with other people. Another episode of her erratic behavior occurs when Judge Stevens, the new town mayor, receives several complaints from the neighbors that a powerful, terrible odor is originating from Emily’s property and ordered by the neighbors to â€Å"send her word to have her place cleaned up† (33). This is another hint that Emily is becoming separated from her community and is totally unable to relate to other people in an appropriate matter. In the beginning, the townspeople â€Å"did not say she was crazy then.† (34). They sympathize with Miss Emily just after she loses her father, and just after the man whom the townsfolk believed she would marry deserts her. â€Å"PoorShow MoreRelatedWilliam Faulkners A Rose for Emily1600 Words   |  7 Pages William Faulkners A Rose for Emily  is set in the small southern town of Jefferson during the early decades of the twentieth century . At this time, vast and cardinal changes were being made by the upcoming new south to conceal and move from the horrid truths that were a part of the towns history. In lieu of this, Jefferson was at a turning point in which they were having difficulty coming to terms with these changes . Integrating Faulkners use of character and symbols with other sourcesRead MoreEssay on William Faulkners A Rose for Emily1539 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Faulkners A Rose for Emily As any reader can see, A Rose for Emily is one of the most authentic short stories by Faulkner. His use of characterization, narration, foreshadowing, and symbolism are four key factors to why Faulkners work is idealistic to all readers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The works of William Faulkner have had positive effects on readers throughout his career. Local legends and gossip trigger the main focus of his stories. Considering that Faulkner grew up in Mississippi, he wasRead MoreWilliam Faulkners A Rose for Emily: An Analysis807 Words   |  3 PagesConsider Faulkners own words as you think about A Rose for Emily. In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech, Faulkner said,  ¦the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about, worth the agony and the sweat. How is A Rose for Miss Emily a story about the human heart in conflict with itself? In William Faulkners A Rose for Emily, the protagonist Miss Emily GriersonRead MoreAn Analysis of William Faulkner’s â€Å"a Rose for Emily†1428 Words   |  6 PagesThe Devastating Outcome of Oppression: An Analysis of William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† When a person has only been taught dysfunctional love, it is all too often that this is the only kind of love they will ever experience. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, William Faulkner explores an unorthodox relationship between an aristocratic southern lady named Miss Emily Grierson, and a blue-collar northern fellow named Homer Barron. The narrator, who likely represents the townspeople, describesRead More William Faulkners A Rose for Emily Essay729 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Faulkners A Rose for Emily â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner is set in a small Southern town during the post-Civil War era. The story revolves around the strange and tragic events of Miss Emily Grierson’s life. At first glance, Emily seems like a lonely woman with little self-confidence and low self-esteem that seems to stem from her upbringing by her father. There seemed to be some kind of abuse by her father and the fact that she had seemed to have lived such a sheltered lifeRead MoreThe Reconstruction In William Faulkners A Rose For Emily1243 Words   |  5 PagesAfter an extended period of the Civil War and the Reconstruction, William Faulkner published his short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† in 1930. In his fictional Jefferson, Mississippi (the county seat of Yoknapatawpha), Faulkner tells a story about Emily, an unhappy woman. The story begins at Emily’s funeral, and all the villagers in the town come to see the inside of the abandoned building (nobody has entered the house for at least ten years). The story flashes back decades before the funeral, Emily’sRead MoreDiagnosing Miss Emily in William Faulkners A Rose For Emily 918 Words   |  4 PagesIn William Faulkners A Rose For Emily there is more than enough evidence to determine that Miss Emily is mentally ill. Most of the clues and hints are subtle, but when they are all pieced together the puzzle becomes clear. Not saying it is clear as too what Miss Emily was suffering from, the only way to know that for certain would be if the author or narrator told us in the text. We can conclude, however, she was suffering from some form of mental illness. 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Immigration And The United States - 1430 Words

Immigration is a major factor that is greatly contributing to the unprecedented demographic changes that are presently occurring in the United States. Limited literature exists concerning the psychosocial and mental health problems experienced by immigrants as a result of immigrating and subsequent adjustments. Undocumented immigrants have no legal rights and are often emotionally, physically, and economically abused. Without the right to vote and stay in the U.S. legally, immigrants have little power to change oppressive social structures. Given the dramatically growing immigrant population in the U.S., multicultural social justice counselors are confronted with a challenge to provide culturally responsive services for this population†¦show more content†¦each year and approximately one-half million enter illegally (Migration Information Resource, 2010). Approximately 94% of undocumented immigrants live in urban areas (Passel Cohn, 2009). From an employment perspective, immigrants constitute 22% of all low-wage workers and 40% of all low-skilled workers (Capps Passel, 2004). The median household income for undocumented Mexican immigrants in 2007 was $32,000, as compared to $50,000 for U.S. born citizens (Passel Cohn, 2009). In fact, 2/3 of all undocumented immigrants in the U.S. work force earn salaries that are less than minimum wage (Passel, Capps, Fix, 2004). A study of undocumented Mexican immigrant workers found that this population had completed an average of 7.7 years of school (Greene, 2003). When immigrants leave the country that was their home, they leave behind a familiar language, culture, community, and social system. Many suffer trauma from culture shock, difficulties finding food and shelter, and the likely losing one or all family members. These difficulties place immigrants at an increased risk for psychos ocial problems, school failure, drug use, and other risk-taking behaviors. Mexicans are typically drawn to the U.S. by higher wages and the willingness of U.S. employers to hire them (Griswold, 2003). According to McCarthy (2009): â€Å"For many individuals coming to the United States in search of work, the potential economic benefits outweigh the

Competitive Advantage Free Essays

string(56) " improve the chances you have found a real value stock\." The competitive advantage is thought to be stronger when it lasts for longer period of time. Those companies who are able to maintain a competitive advantage for many years are thought to have a sustainable competitive advantage. Understanding the Concept Sustainable competitive advantages are company assets, attributes, or abilities that are difficult to duplicate or exceed; and provide a superior or favorable long term position over competitors. We will write a custom essay sample on Competitive Advantage or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sustainable competitive advantages are required for a company to thrive in today’s global environment. Value investors search for companies that are bargains. In order to avoid purchasing a value trap one Of the factors we search for is sustainable competitive advantages. Without one or more sustainable competitive advantages a company may not be able to recover from whatever caused the stock to become a bargain. We only want to buy the stocks of companies that are real value investments, not value traps. In other words, we want to buy stocks trading below their intrinsic value and will grow cash flow for shareholders. If sustainable competitive advantage is dependent on maintaining a higher profit margin than other companies in the same industry, how does a company set out to develop a strategy to both achieve and maintain competitive advantage? The two main components of profit are that customers both value the goods and services and will pay for them; and that a company can keep production costs related to goods and services low, so that there is a higher profit margin. For example, if Sally’s Cupcake Shop can make a chocolate cupcake for 25 cents and sell it for $1. 0, the profit on each cupcake is 75 cents. Sally’s customers will pay $1. 00 per cupcake because the cupcakes are delicious and made with high quality ingredients. A few blocks away, Bobby’s Cupcakes More spends 40 cents making a chocolate cupcake, but can only sell the cupcake for 50 cents. Bobby’s profit is only 10 cents per cupcake. Customers will not pay as much money per cupcake, because Bobbyâ€⠄¢s cupcakes are not as tasty and are not made with ingredients that match the quality of Sally’s cupcakes. Sally will be able to maintain a competitive advantage as long as she keeps costs lower than the amount customers will pay, allowing her to build a higher profit than Bobby. If this continues year after year, even as costs and prices change, Sally would be said to have the sustainable competitive advantage. However, Sally cannot become too comfortable with her advantage, and instead must antique to find ways to maintain a competitive advantage. Bobby may become motivated to outperform Sally. If Bobby is able to increase his own profit substantially, he could potentially take away the sustainable competitive advantage. Your competitive advantage is what sets your business apart from your competition. It highlights the benefits a customer receives when they do business with you. It could be your products, service, reputation, or even your location. For example, do you offer home delivery, a money back guarantee, a 2-hour call-out service or childcare facilities? Types ND Examples of Sustainable Competitive Advantages Low Cost Provider/ Low pricing Economies of scale and efficient operations can help a company keep competition out by being the low cost provider. Being the low cost provider can be a significant barrier to entry. In addition, low pricing done consistently can build brand loyalty be a huge competitive advantage (I. E. Wall-Mart). Market or Pricing Power A company that has the ability to increase prices without losing market share is said to have pricing power. Companies that have pricing power are usually taking advantage of high barriers to entry or have earned the dominant session in their market. Powerful Brands It takes a large investment in time and money to build a brand. It takes very little to destroy it. A good brand is invaluable because it causes customers to prefer the brand over competitors. Being the market leader and having a great corporate reputation can be part of a powerful brand and a competitive advantage. Strategic assets Patents, trademarks, copy rights, domain names, and long term contracts would be examples of strategic assets that provide sustainable competitive advantages. Companies with excellent research and development might have label strategic assets. Barriers To Entry Cost advantages of an existing company over a new company is the most common barrier to entry. High investment costs (I. E. New factories) and government regulations are common impediments to companies tying to enter new markets. High barriers to entry sometimes Create monopolies or near monopolies (I. E. Utility companies). Adapting Product Line A product that never changes is ripe for competition. A product line that can evolve allows for improved or complementary follow up products that keeps customers coming back for the â€Å"new ‘ and improved version (I. . Apple phone) and possibly some accessories to go with it. Product Differed tuition A unique product or service builds customer loyalty and is less likely to lose market share to a competitor than an advantage based on cost. The quality, number of models, flexibility in ordering (I. E. Custom orders), and customer service are all aspects that can positively differentiate a product or service. Strong Balance Sheet/ Cash Companies with low debt and/or lots of cash have the flexibility to make opportune investments and never have a problem with access to working capital, liquidity, or solvency. The balance sheet is the foundation of the company. Outstanding Management / People There is always the intangible of outstanding management. This is hard to quantify, but there are winners and losers. Winners seem to make the right decisions at the right time. Winners somehow motivate and get the most out of their employees, particularly when facing challenges. Management that has been successful for a number fears is a competitive advantage. Value Investing and Sustainable Competitive Advantages Companies with one sustainable competitive advantage might be successful. Finding companies with multiple sustainable competitive advantages will greatly improve the chances you have found a real value stock. You read "Competitive Advantage" in category "Papers" Can you think of any sustainable competitive advantages I may have missed? Http://arborinvestmentplanner. Com/sustainable-competitive-advantages- definition-types-examples/ How to identify your competitive advantage To identify your competitive advantage, you need to understand your competitors and your customers. Ask yourself: Why do customers buy from Why do customers buy from our competitors and not us? Why do some potential customers not buy at all? What do we need to do to be successful in the future? Market research will help you to answer these questions. Good market research will reveal how your business is different from your competitors, and what you have to offer that appeals to your customers. In-depth customer research will help you identify your customers’ needs and increase your competitive edge. Use our market research kit to find key economic, demographic and statistical information about your industry. Customers buy benefits When customers buy your product or service, they are buying the benefit that it gives them. It may be that your product makes their life simpler, or your service helps them to feel better about themselves. Think about how your competitive advantage benefits your customers. For example, the competitive advantage for a sandwich shop may be: We use fresh, local ingredients to make-to-order the highest quality gourmet sandwiches in the local area. Different customers may see different benefits: customers with allergies or particular dislikes will enjoy the convenience of ordering a sandwich with their preferred ingredients customers who want to treat themselves will be attracted by the fresh, high-quality ingredients, and he fact that the sandwiches are gourmet customers who want to support local businesses will appreciate thou use only local ingredients. Thinking about how your business can benefit your customers will help you to pinpoint your competitive advantage. A strong competitive advantage: reflects the competitive strength of your business (e. . Quality of service) is preferably, but not necessarily, unique is clear and simple may change over time as competitors try to cash in on your idea must be supported by honest and ongoing market research must highlight the benefits to customers rather than boast Of your business itself. After you have highlighted your competitive advantage, the best way to tell your customers a bout it is to create your unique selling proposition. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF Samsung Electronics is part of one of the largest multi-billion dollar corporations in the world. In 2007 it exceeded the $Bonn mark in annual sales for the first time in its history. This makes it one of the world’s top three companies in the electronics industry where only two other companies, Siemens and Hewlett-Packard, have posted larger revenues. The name Samsung literally means ‘three stars’ or ‘Tristan’ in Korean, reflecting the Samsung Group’s dominance in two further sectors: Samsung Heavy Industries and Samsung Engineering and Construction. â€Å"The support need – when and where you need it’ Samsung respects the choice customers have in how and with whom they do business. That why, to more effectively support product lines, Samsung has established a geographically-dispersed base of direct dealers and indirect channel partners that result in tight-knit national coverage. So, as a single- or multi-location operation, you benefit from having Samsung partners right where you need them most – near corporate headquarters, at branch offices r out in the field. A direct connection to Samsung through your authorized dealer. As a decision maker for your business, it’s your job to make the right choices to keep your business competitive and vibrant. With an authorized Samsung dealer as your telecommunications solutions provider you can rest assured that your telecommunications needs are being fulfilled. Look at your Samsung dealer as your trusted advisor, keeping you informed about new technology advancements, service options and cost-effective measures that can give your business a competitive advantage. Samsung singular focus is n businesses like yours. Its authorized dealers represent a commitment to supporting you with outstanding solutions and service capabilities. Dealer expertise is sharpened in Samsung mandated certification courses, so you can be confident in the technology and service you are receiving. Samsung supports its authorized dealers along the entire continuum with product training, deployment, installation and professional services. This life cycle of support provides you with an additional Samsung advantage – a five-year hardware warranty that reduces your long term costs. Less one Of the ways Samsung thanks you for investing in their solutions. A strong commitment to research development Samsung strives to understand what customers need ahead of its competitors. Their engineers adjust their thinking to develop original and innovative products that will meet those needs, along with new technologies to lead the future market. They respond to the â€Å"voice of the customer’ by designing and testing new products, and through hands-on management of product lifestyles. Each year Samsung has invested at least 9% of sales revenue into RD activities. As the company continues to increase RD pending, their commitment to leading technology standardization and securing intellectual property rights remains strong. In fact, Samsung was the largest publisher of U. S. Patents in 2006 and is the owner of one of the largest U. S. Patent portfolios-?increasing patent procurement by 1 1 percent year over year. Cutting-edge tech oenology that’s affordable. Samsung expertise in voice/data convergence, wired, wireless communications, Vivo and core network technologies has produced Offices†;’ 7000 – a family of groundbreaking business communications solutions that are redefining the rules of the game. The Officers†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ platform provides you with business advantages across your entire spectrum of needs. First, you’ll enjoy the peace of mind that comes from knowing that your communications are being routed over a secure, reliable platform. Second, the intuitive design and scalable architecture of this platform enables growth in affordable increments, so your investment will carry you well into the future with significant ROI. In addition, the system’s architecture provides flexibility-?a medium where additional applications can be added to enhance the power of Samsung solutions. More and more small and mid-sized genuineness are realizing the need for Computer Telephony Integration solutions to manage their resources and desktops. In response, Samsung has developed a suite of Officers†;’ CT I applications for improving call handing, managing the user interface, interpreting and gathering call reporting and improving customer affinity through screen pops that detail names and call history. Standards-based technology means that system serviceability is just a phone call away and your telecommunications are reduced in operational complexity. With its single expandable architecture, Officers 7000 installs ND configures easily. You are considering a platform that not only gives you access to voice and data throughout your office complex and even off-site, but also eliminates divergent systems, bottlenecks and competition between voice and data applications. Whether you are upgrading or are launching a converged system for the very first time, this line-up of systems offers a perfect blend of versatility and power that will speed up your business. Sources of Samsung cost advantage in DRAMS Samsung cost advantage is clearly visible from the comparison of costs (and heir elements) that were borne by the company and its competitors in 2003 (Tab. 3): Samsung* overall cost was 24 per cent lower than the weighted average cost of the other four producers; two most significant elements of the cost structure, I. E. Raw materials and labor, were 36 and 27 per cent lower respectively. When expressed by means of a relation of average selling price to costs (â€Å"productivity’ of cost elements), the differences are even more visible (com. Tab. Overall superiority of Samsung over its competitors exceeded 51 per cent! The cost advantages related to raw materials may be explained by better negotiated agreements with suppliers (perhaps due to the larger volumes of purchases – com. Fig. 5) and possibly less shipping and distribution costs that stem from the fact that Samsung FAA facilities are geographically collocated (while co mpetitors’ facilities are spread world-wide). In terms of labor productivity only Chinese SIMI outperformed Samsung, but that came hardly unexpectedly: low labor costs in China had been and were to remain unbeatable for some time yet. Other possibly meaningful factors that cannot be forgotten include: higher yields (due to process quality ND use of more efficient, larger silicon wafers), use Of Common core design for different products supported by the flexibility of production lines (which enabled cost-efficient production of a wide variety of different semiconductors), and – reportedly -? 12 per cent lower investment in capital assets related to the aforementioned strategic decision on FAA collocation. The last but not least element of the Samsung â€Å"cost puzzle† (which, unfortunately cannot be supported by concrete numbers from the case study, and is rather based on intuition) was the way the firm built and maintained intellectual capital and stimulated innovativeness and creativity among employees. It had established an incentive-based remuneration system, it sponsored employees for Pads and MBA education, it created a family-friendly working environment in which more of employees’ energy could be devoted to solving problems at work instead of troubles in private lives. In most modern industries, such a long-term approach and investing in human capital eventually pays off resulting in higher productivity and better and cheaper products. Sources of Samsung price premium in DRAMS Samsung achieved an almost 1 5 per cent price premium over (the weighted average price of) its competitors (com. Tab. How was that possible? There were, apparently, two main reasons for that: quality and product mix. The former was definitely a unique advantage in the semiconductor industry which was, generally, characterized by little product differentiation (in terms of physical and functional properties), and where demand was highly price- driven. Even though, due to the outstanding quality and reliability of its products, Samsung had managed to achieve a position which justified paying remit for its products. Between 1995 and 2005 the company won awards for performance from most of its major customers, and many of them (even rivals of one another) named Samsung their supplier of choice. Of course, the highly-recognizable brand (the value of which was estimated at almost USED 11 billion in 2003 ! ) helped to maintain the price premium as well. The Samsung successful product mix strategy, on the other hand, was realized through extremely wide differentiation of products that the company manufactured: in DRAM memory segment it was over 1,200 different types! The large product portfolio allowed Samsung to address a very broad market and to avoid fierce price fighting in the most competitive sector of so called commodity DRAMS (where many producers had to sell below production costs). Apart from the ‘mainstream’ mass products (in general: low-cost commodity DRAMs), Samsung offered: ; â€Å"legacy products†, I. E. Older types of chips, production of which was continued after the industry had moved to newer generations and which – due to limited supply – could be sold at price premium; ; â€Å"specialty products† – chips designed for niche uses where the rice was usually agreed on bilaterally between Samsung and a given buyer (at the same time, the company was able to optimism costs by building the customized architectures using a common core design). How Samsung should react to threat of large-scale Chinese entry? In my opinion, none of the two options of reacting to the Chinese â€Å"menace† that were presented in the case study, should have be chosen by Samsung as the only one. Rather, a mix of the two seemed to be an optimal approach. Samsung unique ability to maintain the low-cost and, at the same time, differentiated production should have been maintained, but – simultaneously certain aspects of the changing industry environment might have been taken advantage of as well. It was not necessary for Samsung to desperately look for ways to decrease its labor costs (which is usually a reason for established companies to move their production to China): its cost advantage over competitors was supposed to remain for some time. On the other hand, in line with an old Chinese saying: â€Å"keep your friends close, but the enemies even closer†, it was not advisable to ignore the rising competitors (as the industry had done years earlier with regards to Samsung itself). Earlier of eater, China itself was posed to become a significant (if not the most significant) market for semiconductors, thus all actions aiming at better positioning itself to sell in the market seemed to be highly desirable. Therefore, Samsung should have decided to partner with a Chinese firm for production of its low-end, legacy products. At the same time, its state-of-the- art technologies had to be kept in-house. Such a strategy would let Samsung preserve its valuable intellectual property; manufacturing of the mass market products together with Chinese did not pose a threat to the IP, since cosmologies necessary for that usually were no longer proprietary information. On the other hand, the partnership might result in a possibility to further decrease the costs due to availability of attractive subsidizing from the Chinese government and lower labor costs, and – of course – prepare grounds for enlarging sales to customers in the opening and growing market. There was, however, a number of important aspects that had to be remembered while implementing the strategy: ; Samsung competitive advantage related to the unique breeding environment for innovation and efficacy of the centralized RD and production should have been preserved, thus all new product development had to be kept in the Korean headquarters; ; another competitive advantage of the company, the quality, should have been definitely maintained, too; it might have become a challenge if part of the production was to be moved to China, therefore Samsung had to ensure it could properly influence its Chinese partner (e. . By remaining a majority stakeholder in the joint undertaking); ; while overall reduction of costs was not of key importance for Samsung, the partnership tit a Chinese firm could have been, nonetheless, used for reduction Of labor costs related to production of legacy products (in case of which the associated gain was to be most significant) with no risk of compromis ing valuable intellectual property; that way, another competitive advantage of Samsung, the industry best ASP to cost ratio, would be further strengthened. However, in parallel to building the partnership, Samsung couldn’t have forgotten about other Chinese would-be competitors which would supposedly flourish around. Therefore, the company should have kept throng focus on maintaining its technological leadership through cutting-edge R (still unavailable at the time, despite having relatively easy access to capital, for Chinese start-ups), especially towards future substitutes for DRAMS: flash memory chips. 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